Orders, Decorations and Medals

A rare Second World War “Operation Agreement” D.S.M. group of six awarded to Leading Stoker G. Graham, Royal Navy, who was decorated for his bravery and initiative in the destroyer H.M.S. Zulu, which ship took severe punishment from the enemy’s shore batteries at the height of this disastrous raid on Tobruk on the night of 13-14 September 1942 - but was ultimately sunk as a result of sustained and accurate air attack: Graham was no stranger to experiencing heavy enemy fire, having emerged unscathed from three broadsides that straddled the Zulu in May 1941 - the whole via the guns of the mighty Bismarck

Distinguished Service Medal, G.VI.R. (KX. 106588 G. Graham, Sto. 1, R.N.), in its case of issue; 1939-45 Star; Atlantic Star, clasp, France and Germany; Africa Star, clasp, North Africa 1942-43; Italy Star; War Medal 1939-45, generally extremely fine (6) £3500-4000

D.S.M. London Gazette 22 December 1942:

‘For great gallantry, leadership and devotion to duty in H.M. Ships Sikh and Zulu, and other ships, in the raid on Tobruk in September 1942.’

The original recommendation states:

‘When Zulu was hit and disabled by a bomb on 14 September 1942, Graham on his own initiative shut off valves to the oil fuel tanks forward and aft, reporting what he had done - thus saving serious risk of oil fuel fires’.

George Graham was born in Carlisle, Northumberland in November 1920 and entered the Royal Navy as a Stoker 2nd Class in April 1940. On completion of his training, he joined the Tribal-class destroyer H.M.S. Zulu, in which ship he served right up until her loss in “Operation Agreement” off North Africa in September 1942.

A close encounter with the “Bismarck”

Graham’s time in the Zulu witnessed a number of memorable actions, not least the famous Bismarck incident of May 1941, when his ship attracted the full wrath of the mighty German battleship’s armament - so, too, her fellow consorts from the the 4th Destroyer Flotilla, namely Cossack (Captain P. L. Vian, D.S.O., Flotilla C.O.), Maori and Sikh, all of whom had been called away at short notice from escorting convoy WS-8B. As described by Ludovic Kennedy in his definitive history Pursuit, Commander H. R. Graham, D.S.O., Zulu’s captain, and his crew, were on the receiving end of at least three Bismarck broadsides:

‘A few minutes later it was the turn of Commander Graham in Zulu. He too saw the white flashes of Bismarck’s guns stabbing the night, heard their thunder, sensed upheavals in the sea all round, as though a cluster of underwater geysers had suddenly erupted. To Sub-Lieutenant James Galbraith in the gunnery control tower the Bismarck looked enormous, almost as though they were on top of her; and as well as the roar of her main armament he heard the sharp vicious cracks of the 15 cm. anti-personnel shells as they burst alongside in a shower of splinters. Another salvo followed, the glare from the enemy’s gun flashes lit up the long, white columns of the proceding salvo, already collapsing in the wind, vast white miasmic ghosts. This salvo and a third straddled: splinters tore into the gunnery control tower, severed Galbraith’s wrist, wounded two ratings. Graham turned away ... ’

Notwithstanding the ferocity of this opening encounter, Zulu and her gallant crew returned to the fray to deliver a torpedo attack a little over an hour later. Ludovic Kennedy continues:

‘Commander Graham in Zulu was not far away, still looking for Bismarck, when the flashes of her salvoes at Maori lit her up. Like Armstrong he raced up to her port quarter, and when he was abeam fired starshell to light the target: as it burst over her at 1.37 a.m. he fired two torpedoes at two miles, and she at once opened fire. Graham had hoped to cross her bows to attack from the other side, but the fire was too hot. As Zulu withdrew, those on her bridge and upper deck looked hard at the enemy to see if they could observe a hit. At the time expected they were rewarded, first by ‘a bright glow that illuminated the water line of the ship from end to end’, seconds later by ‘a very vivid glare between the bridge and stem’, which was claimed as a second hit - though neither was indicative of a successful torpedo attack ... ’

Whatever the true outcome of this gallantly delivered attack, Zulu returned home with convincing evidence of her recent brush with annihilation, namely a nose-cap from one of Bismarck’s 15-inch shells - it had been found squashed flat on the fo’c’sle, looked like the head of a large fish and was duly placed on display in the wardroom and christened “The Bismarck Herring”.

Disaster at Tobruk

Having then added “Sirte 1942” to her growing list of Battle Honours, and assisted in the destruction of the U-372 while on the Malta run in August of the same year, the Zulu - now under Commander R. T. White, D.S.O. - was ordered to join the flotilla assembling for a daring strike against Tobruk - “Operation Agreement”.

The objective of the raid was to gain control of the harbour and to demolish the installations of a port which saved the Germans 260 miles of road transport. Prepared in the greatest secrecy - and timed to coincide with land operations undertaken by the L.R.D.G. - the main thrust of the assault fell to the men of the 11th Battalion, R.M., all of whom were embarked in Zulu and her fellow Tribal-class consort Sikh at Haifa, the former carrying ‘A’ and ‘C’ Companies, with a brace of machine-gun sections, in addition to attached elements from the R.A. and R.E. - both ships had Italian red and white diagonal identification stripes painted on their fo’c’sles, in addition to other minor modifications to try and confuse the enemy, but in the event such alterations proved utterly ineffective.

Having then received a good luck signal from Winston Churchill, the Tribals, escorted by the cruiser Coventry - also sunk in the raid - and two Hunt-class destroyers (Croome and Hursley), made their way towards Tobruk for “zero hour” on the night of the 13-14 September 1942 and, on nearing their destination, broke away from their escort and steamed due west at top speed until, at midnight, they altered course and turned south for the final run-in. At this moment 60 R.A.F. Wellingtons began a three hours’ bombardment of the town and at 2 a.m. the code word “Nigger” was received, indicating that the L.R.D.G. had taken a coastal battery at the mouth of the harbour, thereby setting in motion the lowering of the first wave of assault craft from Zulu and Sikh. As it transpired, these were the only Marines disembarked, for the ferocity of the enemy’s response by shore battery and smaller arms was immense - in fact fewer than 100 Marines survived the terrible passage from ship to shore where, after numerous acts of gallantry, the survivors were taken prisoner.

Meanwhile, in their attempt to close the shore and try and rescue assorted men in heavily damaged assault craft, the Zulu and Sikh were caught in enemy searchlights and swept by a heavy fire, so much so that the latter was eventually stopped dead in the water, her guns and engines out of action. Zulu fared little better, taking three or four hits, but nonetheless made a bold attempt to get the seriously damaged Sikh in tow - owing to the scale of the enemy’s fire, however, Commander White was compelled to abandon the task and sheer off for Alexandria, but not before closing the shore to lay a smokescreen: not long afterwards the Sikh went down with a loss of two officers and 20 ratings.

It was about this time that one of the Tribals’ escorts, the Coventry, came under sustained attack from 14 enemy dive-bombers, and as a result of four direct hits and the resultant carnage, she had to be abandoned, Commander White in the Zulu being ordered by a signal from Alexandria to make a rendezvous and finish-off the stricken cruiser by torpedo, which duty he subsequently performed, though his own ship was also under attack. In fact, what followed was ‘a calculated and determined attempt to destroy the Zulu’, and it worked, three formations of Ju. 87s and 88s coming in from separate directions. White later recalled (for the full story, see Massacre at Tobruk, by Peter C. Smith):

‘At about 1600, a concentrated attack by about six Ju. 88s and 12 Ju. 87s was delivered on Zulu and the ship was surrounded by a hail of falling bombs. The last bomb to fall hit the ship’s side, entered the engine room and burst. The engine room, No. 3 boiler room and gear room were flooded and the ship settled down about two feet. I went aft and shut off the emergency steam valves to the engine room and when it had cooled down a little later, looked down in the engine room. There was no sign of any bodies and the place was a mass of wrecked machinery ... ’

With her only surviving escorts on the scene, the Croome and the Hursley, attempts were made to take the Zulu in tow, but further attacks delivered by Me. 109s, Ju. 87s and 88s throughout the afternoon made the process an extremely slow one. And when, at length, a tow was finally in place, and most of Zulu’s crew had transferred to the Croome, the former very suddenly turned over and went down. Luckily no-one was lost on this occasion, her skeleton crew taking to the water and being picked-up, but as a result of numerous hits received during the raid and afterwards, White reported ‘Three officers and 24 men missing in the boats off Tobruk, and the Engineer Officer and 10 men killed in the ship’.

Such statistics may well have been higher, but for Graham’s initiative in shutting off the forward and aft fuel valves - he was awarded the D.S.M. Next ordered to join the Alexandria base Nile, where he was attached to the training establishment Canopus, in addition to being employed for ‘Special Service’ from March 1943 to February 1944 (his service record refers), he returned to more regular seagoing duties in the destroyers Rockwood and Zealous, and qualified for his ‘France and Germany’ clasp aboard the former ship for operations in the English Channel. He was demobilised as a Leading Stoker in July 1946.

Sold with the recipient’s original Buckingham Palace forwarding letter for his D.S.M., together with his Certificate of Service, Stoker Rating’s History Sheet and Stoker Petty Officer’s examination certificate, dated 16 August 1944; and his Naval blazer badge; also see Lot No. 686 for his father’s 1914-18 honours and awards.